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  • 定语从句刍议

    2016年2月16日 13:59 作者:马丽华

    定语从句刍议

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    □  马丽华中国论文网,G)HN:G\kc3{B

     

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    摘要: 注意识别限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句. 注意关系词在句中的指代关系及其在从句中的指代作用,只能用that 的情况, 只能用which 的情况。As小议。关系副词。意义相同的句子间的转换。

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    关键字: 中考  定语从句  特殊用法

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     中国论文网2D9iLET;m,m

    定语从句是初中英语教学中很重要的一项语法项目。中考重点只考限定性的,但在阅读材料中,非限定性的定语从句时有所见,学生或理解错误。或干脆看不懂。教初三毕业班多年,了解学生在学定语从句时存在诸多困惑 教材中对限定性定语从句有详细论述。 现就平时教学所得.对正确掌握定语从句所必须注意的问题分析如下.

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    一、注意识别限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

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    定语从句是复合句中修饰名词和代词的从句,从语法的角度来说,他可以称作形容词从句.定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句两种,限定性定语从句对先行词起修饰,限制与确定的作用,若去掉它,先行词的意思就不明确,所以限定性定语从句对先行词是必不可缺的. 非限制性定语从句只对先行词加以说明,所以他是可有可无的.中国论文网~3g[ ly

    识别限制性和非限制性非常重要,如若混淆两者,就会误解全句的意思. 例如:中国论文网 Wl5Z} fflId

    My best friend has a pretty daughter, who is a nurse. (非限定性) 我最好的朋友有位漂亮的女儿,她是位护士。中国论文网`V qCq^D:v/J

    如果去掉句中逗号,则为限制性定语从句,意思是我的好朋友有位是护士的漂亮女儿。言外之意,我朋友可能还另有一位做其他工作的女儿。又如:

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    The baby will wear no clothes which will distinguish him from others,(限制性) 那小孩将不穿那些使他显得与众不同的衣服。

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    如果在句中which 前加一个逗号,从句便成为非限制性的,全句的意思则是:那小孩将不穿衣服,这会使他与众不同。

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    限制性和非限定性定语从句所表示的意义有很大差别。所以在阅读理解中要特别加以注意。中国论文网5`q mP/rXs

    在下列几种情况下常用非限定性定语从句:中国论文网U)D&ac3Hi@%Zu/n$}

    先行词是表示独一无二的普通名词或专有名词时:

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      His mother,who had been on a visit to American, came back yesterday.

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    My father lived in the city, where of Pisa, where there is a leaning tower about 180 feet high.

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    (2) 先行词是一个句子,即关系代词所指代的是一个先行句时:中国论文网s }5Ll7~Oi(b

      He passed the examination, which surprised his parents.

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    此外,限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句通常是根据具体的语境来决定。例如:

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     His brother,who is eighteen years old, is a PLA man.他的兄弟是个解放军,年龄18岁。中国论文网L.M5P|^1^

     His brother who is a PLA man is eighteen years old. 他的那个当兵的兄弟18岁。第一句的brother 后用的是非限定性定语从句,说明“他只有一个兄弟”。第二句用限制性定语从句,说明他的兄弟不止一个,那个当兵的兄弟18岁。中国论文网~)IzH4Q,{Tg

    二、注意关系词在句中的指代关系及其在从句中的指代作用

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    引导定语从句有关系代词(常用的有who, that, which, as, 等) 它们都指代位于其前的先行词 (有时是先行句),它们在各自的从句中都起一定的成分作用:关系代词在句中可以充当主语,宾语 (动词宾语或介词宾语),表语,关系副词则在从句中作状语。

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    A  下面就几个关系代词举例说明使用情况。中国论文网cb9v;e,P/ck

    a  关系代词who, whom, that, which.中国论文网.?$Vv#~7G

      He is the boy who /that wants to go out,( 指人,作主语 )

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      He is the boy whom / who /that you often speak of /know well. (指人,作介词of 或动词know的宾语 )

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    This is the sentence that / which I’m writing down. ( 指物,作宾语 )

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    This is the sentence that / which was once written by him. (指物,作主语 )

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    从上面几个例句可以看出:who 在从句中作主语;whom 作宾语(who,也可),它们都指代人。 Which 在句中作主语或宾语,指代的是事物。而that 在句中做主语,宾语均可,既可以指人,也可以指物。中国论文网t5R u9h)U'oH

    b 关系代词 whose 是who 的属格。起形容词作用,所以一般放在名词之前,这是其他关系代词和关系副词所没有的。中国论文网#{0i^/@/T!DR o

    Do you know the boy whose leg broken when he fell out of a tree?

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    He lives in the house whose windows are face the east.

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    Whose 不仅可用以指人,也可用以指物(如上两句)。在口语中,whose 可以用of which 代替。例如:

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       The house whose windows are broken is empty. 就等于The house of which the windows are broken is empty.也相当于 The house the windows of which are broken is empty.

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    e 关系代词as中国论文网V!O9AS|*z W.R"P

      关系代词as 常出现在the same……as;  such…..as;  as…..as等结构中。例如:中国论文网~0s:iRxyg_nt

      Here are such sentences as are often used by the students.( as 做主语)中国论文网1k}*{]V

      There was such a storm as we couldn’t drive in (as 做in 的宾语)中国论文网dG S~}5\G$U

    关系代词as 还有其独特的用法,请看一下例句:

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      He married her, as was natural.

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      This elephant is like a snake, as anybody can see.

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      He seemed a foreigner, as in fact he was.

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    以上句中的as 的词性,作用,功能和用法可以归纳为:(1)as 为关系代词;(2)as 引导非限制性定语从句;(3)as 指代逗号前的先行词或整个句子(即先行句);(4)  as 在从句中可作主语,宾语或表语;(5)as 所引导的从句可位于句首或句末,如 As was natural,  he married her .其中第(5)点又是相对于which 的用法而言的,即关系代词 which 只具备as 的前四个条件,因为which 所引导的从句不能置于句首,所以第(5)点与之不相适合。

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    d 关系代词that 和 which 的使用还需注意以下几点:

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    (1) 在下列情况下只能用that .

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    1) 先行词受“形容词最高级”修饰时:中国论文网%?,Q C(S[,tp0O[

    Tom is the greatest composer that has ever lived.中国论文网Gx+D8~hv9_%A

    2) 先行词受序数词修饰的时候:中国论文网F(u)?EK_ xCY;b6oc

     The first novel that I have read this year is a novel by Dickens中国论文网|q| ~&}2GH [

    3) 先行词受 all, any, few, last, little, much, no only, very等词修饰时:

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    Chatting was the only thing that interested him most.中国论文网n,o1n.FM.X'^:D

    These articles are the very ones that should be read.中国论文网#p2N L;w_)[q4o%M [

    4) 先行词是以 thing 结尾的合成词, 如 anything, everything 时:

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    Everything that can be done has been done.中国论文网 n},om5Ay$S

    I’ll do anything that I can.中国论文网]ozAD&[#T`4^Y

    5) 先行词包含了指人和指物两个含义时:中国论文网(xwn0kX9J,MV*o

    They talked for an hour, about the things and persons that they remembered in the school.中国论文网&~2^xO2HTs

    6) 先行词是疑问代词who时(可理解为避免重复):中国论文网f mo{P ?$tT

    Who that has ever worked together with him doesn’t respect him?中国论文网HL4z3EnDfv*U

    7) 关系代词在句中作表语时:

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    He is not the man that he was.中国论文网5wx;E re~ aE7|3bd

    (2) 在另外一些情况下不能使用 that ,而应使用 which .

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    1) that 不能引导非限制性定语从句:中国论文网d+T:o V4k're l#A

    Football , which is a very interesting game , is played all over the world.中国论文网.k8gV2Te4`

    2) that 不能放在介词后面作介词宾语 ( 指物用which ,指人用 whom来替代。)中国论文网cB5UvM

    This is the pan in which I boiled the milk.中国论文网W-i\F.Y2t%S

    The person to whom I am speaking just now is the manager of that factory.

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    3) 句首有指示代词that 时,为避免重复,不用that 而用其他词:中国论文网J4{f1On'eN3`8F1V Y

    That man is the person whom your brother sent the letter to this morning.中国论文网8ZH*F1EU"m/? x

    B, 几个关系副词的使用情况:

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    几个关系副词各有其不同的意义,使用时不可互换。中国论文网-bP/yq {,n

    Do you remember the place where we met before going to the farm last month?中国论文网s `\.Q;M0e[

    I’ll never forget the day when I first came to He Luo Middle School.中国论文网7{(}Y3P6@ Mm$cD

    That was the reason why he didn’t pass the examination.

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    这几句中的where, when, why,的作用很明显。它们分别指地点 (the place) 时间,(the day),原因 (the reason).但是,我们应注意,当关系词是用来修饰指时间,地点或原因的名词时,则不能用关系副词when, where或 why, 而应使用关系代词。例如:中国论文网.VnD-ER

    I’ll never forget the day that / which we spent together.中国论文网2v%O/dSxk k(d u/s

    This is the building that / which he once worked in.中国论文网1N+oI)y F'f

    The reason that he gives is not a good one.

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    在定于从句中关系副词可看成是由介词加上关系代词( 常是 which )组成的。故又存在着如下几种意义相同的句子间的转换方法:中国论文网#m!DUKRD])f

    This is the town where they have travelled for many times.

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    This is the town that they have travelled to for many times.中国论文网 o` CVFx

    This is the town to which they have travelled for many times.

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    至于这类关系副词究竟是哪个介词加上哪个介词 which 所组成,那就得视具体情况而定了。如:That is the town where ( at which ) he worked twenty years ago.中国论文网 U4A kG@

    Beijing is the city where (in which ) he lived before liberation. 

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    作者单位:河南省洛阳市五十中学中国论文网K|7Mt2UhW


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